Cells
What are the functions of the Animal and Plant cells?
How are they different?
How does the structure of an organelle can change his functions?
First of all what is a cell? Most of the cells are very small and only visible through a microscope. Cells can come in a huge variety of shapes. The content that is inside of the cell is called "Protoplasm". The "Cell Membrane holds the cell together and also it determines the shape of it. So the cell is the basic unit of life.
An animal cell is a eukaryotic cell.
Eukaryotic Cell- cells with a membrane-bound nucleus
There is also one other type of cell which is called "Prokaryotic Cell".
Prokaryotic Cell - is a single-celled organism that has a lack of membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell- cells with a membrane-bound nucleus
There is also one other type of cell which is called "Prokaryotic Cell".
Prokaryotic Cell - is a single-celled organism that has a lack of membrane-bound nucleus
There is some important vocabulary that you need to know that is in the animal cell:
- Cell Membrane - this is a really thin layer that covers the entire cell that is made up by proteins and fats, the function of the cell membrane is it to let substances to pass or to get through, when a substance doesn't belong into the cell the cell membrane is blocking it.
- Centrosome - "microtubule organizing center", it is located near the nucleus. "Microtubules are made in the centrosome.
- Cytoplasm - organelles are located in the cytoplasm which is the "jellylike" material at the outside of the nucleus.
- Golgi Body - or also known as "golgi apparatus" or "golgi complex", it is located near the nucleus and produces the membranes that are surrounding the lysosomes.
- Lysosome - also known as " cell vesicles, in the lysosomes, there is where the digestion of cell nutrients take place. The lysosomes are round organelles which are surrounded by a membrane and it contains digestive enzymes.
- Mitochondria - the mitochondria converts the energy into usable energy that has been stored in glucose.
- Nuclear membrane - it surrounds the nucleus.
- Nucleolus - it is inside of the nucleus and produces ribosomal RNA. Some nucleus have more than one nucleolus.
- Nucleus - the nucleus controls most of the functions of the cell, that happens by controlling the proteins synthesis. The nucleus contains "DNA" and one or more "nucleolus": The nuclear membrane is surrounding the nucleus.
- Ribosome - are small organelles that are composed of RNA-rich cytoplasm fragments that are part of the protein synthesis.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - the "RER" is covered by ribosomes which gives the rough endoplasmic reticulum that rough look. The "RER" transports materials and it also produces proteins in packs.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) - it transports materials through the cell and it contains enzymes. The "SER" produces digest lipids (fats) and it also produces membrane proteins.
- Vacuole - it fills it with foods and digest these. Materials that are waste are going out of the cell.
A plant cell is surrounded by a thick cell wall which is different to an animal cell.
A plant cell is also a eukaryotic cell.
And for the plant cell there is some vocabulary which could be useful to know.
- Amyloplast - it stores starch and are found in tubers and fruits.
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - is a high-energy molecule and stores energy by the organism.
- Cell Membrane - is a thin layer made by protein and fat which is surrounding the cell from the inside and allow or denies substances to pass into the cell.
- Cell Wall - is a thick membrane that is surrounding the cell, the cell wall bonds with other to form the cell and make the structure of the plant.
- Centrosome - also known as "microtubule organizing center" which is the same as in the animal cell with one difference which is, that the plant cell centrosome has no "centrioles".
- Chlorophyll - turns sunlight energy into sugar which is called "photosynthesis".
- Chloroplast - is where "photosynthesis" takes place.
- Cristae - the wall of the cristae is the cell's energy production.
- Cytoplasm - is the same "jellylike" material outside the cell nucleus such as in an animal cell.
- Golgi Body - is the same as in an animal cell.
- Granum - is a stack of "thylakoid disks" in the chloroplast.
- Mitochondria - the mitochondria converts energy that is stored in glucose.
- Nuclear Membrane - membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
- Nucleolus - same as in an animal plant.
- Photosynthesis - a process where plants convert sunlight, water, etc. into food energy.
- Ribosome - same thing like in the animal cell.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - same function as in an animal cell.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) - same as in the animal cell.
- Stroma - is a part of the chloroplast and is located in the inner membrane of chloroplast , that is between the grana-
- Thylakoid Disk - chloroplasts are made by packs of thylakoid disks. In the thylakoid disk there is the phtosynthesis where is takes place.
- Vacuole - i filled with fluid and most plant cells have only a single vacuole which is taking up most of the space within the cell. The vacuole helps the cell maintaining its shape.
The main differences between the animal cell and the plant cell is that the animal cell has no cell wall and they also don't have a chloroplast which the plant cell has. A difference that you can see is that the animal cells have a round, irregular shape and the plant cells have a fixed, rectangular shape.
The similarities of a plant cell and an animal cell are:
Sources
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UvlqAVCoqY